The Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire Education Essay

This chapter outlines the methods and processs used to roll up informations, every bit good as how the collected information was analysed and besides the restrictions of the survey.2.1 Research designA research design maps as gum that holds the research survey together, structuring the survey and suiting together major research constituents such as sampling and steps in replying the research inquiries. In research, qualitative design and the quantitative design signifier the major types of research designs. Qualitative research design gives a complete description of peculiar phenomena for which the research worker seeks an account. This design is based on the point of view that all research is finally linked to qualitative research. Here, the research worker is extremely involved in the procedure, and the informations collected takes the signifier of words and objects ( Creswell, 2003 ) . Quantitative research aims at explicating everything in footings of 0 and I. It classifies, coun ts and creates statistical theoretical accounts to give accounts about peculiar happenings. Data aggregation tools such as questionnaires are used to roll up numerical informations. This research design consequences in precise measurings of objects under probe ( Creswell, 2003 ) . This survey used the quantitative research design which enabled the research worker to roll up informations from a big sample of schools in order to enable the findings to be generalised. In analyzing leading behavior of secondary school Curates, it was of import to utilize a big sample since there are many secondary schools in Mauritius. The information collected on the leading manners and instructors ‘ engagement in determination devising needed to be statistically correlated to find the impact of leading on collaborative determination devising. Therefore, it was important to utilize the quantitative research design to give informations that can be manipulated statistically.2.2 Population and sampleIn research, a population refers to topics whose properties are of involvement to the survey. It consists of the elements that the survey would wish to look into ( Creswell, 2003 ) . The secondary school population in the Republic of Mauritius is divided into five zones, harmonizin g to the Ministry of Education and Human Resources. The schools are farther categorised as State, Private Aided and Private Non-Aided. The entire figure of secondary schools in Mauritius is 182. For the intent of this research, the schools in Zone 5 ( Rodrigues ) were non included, every bit good as the Private Non-Aided schools. For this survey, the population was all secondary school instructors working in State and Private Aided schools of Mauritius. Under this population instructors were the respondents. This included all practising instructors and excluded all trained but non practising instructors. The sample is a little proportion or subset of the population. The importance of samples in research is the impracticableness of obtaining survey informations from all the elements of the population ( Creswell, 2003 ) . This present survey used a sample which is 15 per centum of the whole school population. The school population in this survey is 156 and therefore there were 23 schools that were sampled. This sample was divided among the zones on the footing of the figure of schools in the zone. This survey used a graded random sample to acquire to the respondent. In this sampling technique, the sample of schools is foremost divided into bunchs or groups. Here the bunchs were the four zones, whereby each zone constituted a bunch. The sample for each zone was based on the proportion of the schools in that zone relation to the entire figure of schools. Thus Zone 1, with 51 schools, had 8 schools doing it to the sample ; Zone 2, with 41 schools, had 6 schools ; Zone 3, with 34 schools, had 5 schools and Zone 4, with 30 schools, had 4 schools. Table 2.1 illustrates the sample of schools chosen.Table 2.1: Sample of schools per zoneZonePopulation Sample 1 51 8 2 41 6 3 34 5 4 30 415623 The sample was further divided amongst State and Private-Aided schools, based on the proportion of each in the corresponding zone relation to the entire figure of schools. The State and Private-Aided schools were so categorised harmonizing to students ‘ gender, viz. Girls, Boys and Mixed. Simple random sampling, utilizing a random figure generator, was so used to choose the 23 schools organizing portion of the sample.Table 2.2: Types of schools in sampleZoneSum Population Sample StatePrivateAIDEDState Private AIDED 1 51 23 28 3 5 2 41 19 22 3 3 3 34 12 22 2 3 4 30 15 15 2 215669 871013the sample size of 100 instructors has been obtained from the relation where N = N 1+ Ne2, where n= sample size, N = population size, e = border of mistake ; an mistake of 10 % has been considered here ( Pasigpasigan, 2007 ) . Table 2.3: Sample of instructors Population OF Teachers Sample OF Teachers Zone State Private AIDED Sum State Private AIDED 1 1145 1071 2216 16 15 2 907 971 1878 13 14 3 664 984 1648 9 14 4 723 551 1274 11 834393577701649512.3 Investigative TechniquesThe survey used questionnaires for informations aggregation. Questionnaires are rather cost- effectual and they can capture a big sample, while offering a agency of incorporating present findings with former similar surveies. They are the chief probe techniques used for big samples where quantitative informations is required. The survey employed this technique to roll up informations and this allowed for statistical use and generalization of the informations to the whole population. Questionnaires allow namelessness in response, thereby heightening informations quality and dependability. The questionnaire was structured in order to hold standard inquiries whose responses are predefined. This allowed for easy informations analysis, even though new stuff that the research worker may non be cognizant of can be omitted.2.4 InstrumentalityThe questionnaire used for the survey incorporated both the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire ( MLQ ) an d the Teacher Involvement and Participation Scale Questionnaire. The questionnaire is given in Appendix A.2.4.1 Multifactor Leadership QuestionnaireThis is a information aggregation instrument that measures leading manners. Respondents score their responses on the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire. Bass and Avolio ( 2000 ) crafted the MLQ from their full scope of leading theoretical accounts. Assorted trials have confirmed that MLQ is a good forecaster of leader public presentation and behavior. The MLQ scores leading behaviors on a graduated table from transactional to transformational manners of leading. This instrument was used to inquire instructors in Mauritius to give their sentiment on the leading manners used by their Curates. The altered MLQ instrument used for this survey excluded the steps for leading results since this would be measured by the T.I.P.S questionnaire. Therefore, alternatively of the usual 45 inquiries in the MLQ, the survey used 21 inquiries. Out of the 45 points, the questionnaire measures five transformational leading variables, three transactional variables, one variable of non- transactional leading and three result variables. The latest version of the MLQ questionnaire comes in two signifiers: the ego rater and rater signifier ( other people rate an person ) ( Bass and Avolio, 2006 ) . This survey used the rater signifier where the instructors will rate the Rectors in footings of their leading manners. Bass ( 2005 ) advances that transformational leading is based on five variables, as measured by the MLQ: Idealised Properties, Idealised Behaviours, Individualised Consideration, Intellectual Stimulation and Inspirational Motivation. The transactional leading variables or constituents are: Contingent Reward, Management by Exception ( Passive ) and Management by Exception ( Active ) . The result constituents measured are: Satisfaction with the leader, Extra attempt by Associates and Individual, Group, and Organisational Effectiveness. Laissez-Faire is the non-transactional constituent ( Bass and Avolio, 2006 ) . The MLQ is based on the 5 point Likert graduated table of 0 = Never to 4 = Frequently, if non ever. The MLQ has been applied extensively in research lab and field surveies of inactive / avoidant, transactional and transformational leading manners ( Bass and Avolio, 1994 ) . Harmonizing to Bass and Avolio ( 2006 ) , leading manners are non reciprocally sole since one individual can change his/her leading manners to accommodate different fortunes. Appendix B contains a description of all the constituents in the MLQ. Bass and Avolio ( 2000 ) progress that the MLQ has a dependability of 0.74 to 0.91 for each leading components that it measures. The tool has been used for 100s of surveies throughout the universe, both academic and commercial ( Bass and Avolio, 2006 ) . Lowe et Al. ( 1996 ) back up the cogency of MLQ through their survey of over 3 000 raters. It meets the rigorous cogency steps in research ( Trochim, 2005 ) . Appendix C contains Part B of the questionnaire and their variables within the MLQ model.2.4.2 Teacher Involvement and Participation Scale ( T.I.P.S )We started development by reexamining the literature on shared determination devising. Through the work of Conley and Bacharach ( 1990 ) , Sirotnik and Clark ( 1988 ) , David ( 1989 ) , and others, we discovered that execution of shared determination devising occurs across eight dimensions: Goals/Vision/Mission: the grade to which instructors are involved in bordering the ends and mission of the school. Facilitating Procedures and Structures: the grade to which instructors have equal clip, reduced learning tonss, releases from contracts and ordinances, and changed agendas to allow collegial work to happen. Curriculum/Instruction: the grade to which instructors participate in finding the school plan, course of study ends, text edition choice, educational stuffs, and schoolroom teaching method. Budgeting: the grade to which instructors participate in affairs related to planing and implementing the school budget. Staffing: the grade to which instructors are involved with the disposal in doing determinations such as recruiting, interviewing, hiring, and delegating staff. Staff Development: the grade to which instructors can plan and implement staff development activities that meet their ain demands. Operationss: the grade to which instructors are involved in pull offing the edifice ( its usage, betterment, and care ) . Standards: the grade to which instructors portion in puting criterions for their ain public presentation and for pupil public presentation and subject. Items on the TIPS 2 Instrument are rated on a Likert Scale from one to five bespeaking degree of teacher engagement in each determination during the past twelvemonth. ( The graduated table ranges from â€Å" Strongly Disagree † to â€Å" Strongly agree. † ) . TIPS has demonstrated high dependability and cogency for the instrument as a whole and in each of the dimensions..2.5 Data CollectionThe sample used in this survey comprises secondary school instructors. The questionnaire was distributed to the respondents during a two-week period and the respondents were given a farther three yearss to make full in the questionnaires. The respondents were issued difficult transcripts of the questionnaires in their schools and, for those who were comfy to react instantly, the questionnaires were filled and collected. Otherwise a reminder was sent in two yearss and agreements made when the questionnaire would be collected. Email questionnaires were besides issued to respondents who preferred to react via electronic mail. These schemes were put in topographic point to guarantee that information was obtained in good clip. Data was collected from the several schools at prearranged times.2.6 Data AnalysisThe questionnaires used in the survey yielded quantitative informations which can be analysed statistically. The information collected was analysed by the usage of statistical bundles Microsoft Excel and SPSS ( Statistical Package for Social Sciences ) . The analysis was done in the signifier of descriptive statistics, which enabled the basic description of the sample such as the figure and gender of respondents, their length of service and makings. The descriptive information statistics included frequence, steps of cardinal inclination ( average and manner ) , steps of fluctuation and standard divergence. The survey sought to look into the impact of leading behavior on collaborative determination devising. This was achieved through correlativity statistical steps to find the being of a relationship.2.7 Ethical ConsiderationsThere is increasing consciousness that the people on whom research is conducted have rights, and that research workers have duties and duties to these research topics ( Mc Neill and Chapman, 2005 ) . The respondents in the survey are human topics and this required a figure of steps to be put in topographic point to guarantee that the topics were protected. The instructors are peculiarly busy at this clip of the twelvemonth ( terminal of 3rd term ) and they do non hold sufficient clip to give to studies. The accent was laid on the importance of this survey in order to actuate the respondents. The instructors were allowed to maintain the questionnaires and respond at their ain convenience. The chief ethical issues that have been given due consideration during this research are given below. Informed consent: inform all participants that they are capable to the research undertaking and that they are free to decline to take part. aˆ? Misrepresentation: true information given to all participants about the intent of the research. aˆ? Confidentiality: identifying information about the topics will non be made available to anyone. aˆ? Anonymity: the individuality of each participant will stay unknown. aˆ? Hazards: no topic will be harmed physically or emotionally. For this current research, accent is laid on three of the above, viz. informed consent, confidentiality and namelessness. Since instructors are involved in this research, the anterior consent of their school Rectors has to be obtained through a missive detailing the exact nature and intent of the research. However, many Rectors did non desire their schools to be explicitly identified in the study. The instructors who are selected are given the warrant that their individuality will non be revealed to anyone. Since the survey involved a reappraisal of Curates by the instructors, this may hold caused the latter to react favorably or experience unbarred to reply truthfully for fright that they can be identified, despite being given the confidence of complete confidentiality. Finally all those take parting in the research have non been named anyplace in the study. Puting accent on the above ethical jobs is of paramount importance because if the respondents do non swear the research worker , so the cogency of the information collected will non reflect the world.2.8 BiassBiass ever find a manner into research surveies and convey damaging effects to the survey. The most elusive and harmful prejudices are those that the research worker is non cognizant of. The research worker and the respondents differ in many professional facets, chiefly in that the bulk of respondents have non obtained a postgraduate grade while the research worker is in the procedure of geting one. This may hold made the research worker to be insensitive to the demands and positions of the respondents. To understate this prejudice, the research worker worked closely with the respondents to understand their paradigm and readily offered elucidations on the intent of the research. The contents of the informations aggregation instruments were besides explained to the respondents when necessary.2.9 Premises of the surveyThe research worker assumed that the features of composing and size of the sample accur ately represent the population of the survey. It was besides assumed that the respondents had interacted long plenty in the secondary schools to understand their leader ‘s behavior. Finally it was assumed that the instructors were besides cognizant of the effects of their Rector ‘s leading manner on their engagement in determination devising as instructors.2.9.1 Restrictions of the surveyThe methodological analysis chosen in this survey has restrictions which may hold adversely affected the result of the research. The survey used the MLQ which is a standard questionnaire for mensurating the modern school of idea for leading behavior. It has besides used the T.I.P.S which is another standardized questionnaire. Some respondents were non able to reply all the inquiries as they may non hold been cognizant of or were non concerned plenty with the occurrences in their schools. This decreased the figure of duly filled questionnaires used for informations analysis. Besides, the standardised questionnaire did non capture other emergent positions or new thoughts on the inquiries that were asked, restricting the contextual profusion of the findings. The period of the school calendar twelvemonth for this survey is decidedly unfavorable since all instructors are busy with school scrutinies. Many respondents may hold answered at random due to the confining clip factor. In research, larger samples are better since they reflect more accurately the features of the population. This survey used a little sample to let the easiness of informations aggregation and analysis in order to run into the deadlines. The fiscal resources required to transport out such an extended survey covering the whole island were beyond the range of the research worker. Furthermore, the Private non-aided schools were non included in this survey since entree was non granted in many instances. This besides explains the size of the sample used by the research worker.

Incremental Analysis Essay

Incremental in comprehensive analyses both serve similar purposes in decision making in the workplace. The argument is that incremental is more economical than and just as effective as comprehensive analyses. Since both are used to make important decisions within a company, which one will serve the best purpose while still being justifiable and cost effective to complete? Both will complete the same task, but one will do it better and we will be explaining why incremental analyses are the better ones to use. Incremental Analysis Incremental analysis is important and standardized approach to determine various business decisions concerning cost and revenue. This tool is very crucial and time saving; it leads in a systematic way to identify the probable effects of decisions on future earnings in order to make better decisions concerning the profitability of the company. Management utilizes incremental analysis to identify relevant information related to costs and revenues associated and impacted by the decision; this information is further compared to make the most profitable decision. Examples of decisions best made through incremental analysis include – whether to accept an order at special price, make-or-buy, sell or process further, retain or replace equipment, eliminate an unprofitable segment decision and allocate limited resources, and decisions (Kimmel et.al, 2011). Comprehensive Analysis Comprehensive analysis is the financial term used for evaluating every financial detail of the entire operation in a company. The purpose of conducting comprehensive analysis is to determine a company’s present financial position as well as its expected financial standing in the future. In conducting comprehensive analysis, both current and historical fiscal reports must be collected to analyze the status of the company’s investments. These reports are also needed to calculate the financial ratios of different companies. Determining the financial ratios is the next step when conducting comprehensive analysis as these ratios will determine the company’s performance and its effectiveness. The ratios will give a snap shot of the company’s overall financial condition, strengths and weaknesses of its financial activities which will help creditors and investors decide  whether company is worth investing in. And finally, compare the company’s ratio, to the ratio of another organization with similar production processes to determine if the company will succeed or needs enhancement. Disagree/ or Agree According to our research we have come to an agreement that Incremental Analysis is the best decision and focus tool that we have. The reasoning is because it reveals faster results and cost less. Another two are when reports are shown and analysis are done it reveals the same results. It also focus on a specific subject or topic. Incremental analysis also pulls reports and help management make decisions whether to accept orders, to make a product or purchase, sell and process products furthers, or even the retaining and replacement of equipment that are used by the business. References JIm, B., & Hughes, M.C. (2014, April). What is comprehensive analysis. Wise Geek, (). Retrieved from http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-comprehensive-analysis.htm Virtual Advisors Inc. (2011) Analyzing your financial ratios retrieved from http://www.bbt.com/bbtdotcom/business/small-business-resource-center/growing-a-business/financial-ratios.page

Rudolf Laban

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Cog-wk6 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Cog-wk6 - Essay Example They are responsible for the creation of bonds with other human beings due to a shared past. Memories might seem fixed and concrete and it would be natural to assume that they would still be there as always. But Loftus brings to our attention the notion that memories are not fixed. Our regular experiences lead us to consider that memories can be altered or even created. Such is the nature of inaccurate memories that they can appear to be quiet compelling and real. Early history For a very long time now psychologists have be interested in distortions of memory. The 1930s Bartlett’s report of studies is a classic example. In this Bartlett told people a folk tale from an unfamiliar culture and asked them to recall it from memory. It was after the people recalled the story did he realize that memory errors made brought the story more in line with the person’s own culturally determined expectations. Another prominent example is that of Carmichael, Hogan, and Walter’s demonstration about how forms are labeled influences how they are remembered. For example, people interpreted from memory two circles connected by a straight line as more likely to include a curved line if the defined form had been labeled as eyeglasses than a dumbbell. Furthermore Deese(1959) and Underwood(1965) work demonstrated that people were highly likely to falsely remember an item, say a needle, if earlier they had been presented with related items, such as a thread or haystack. Moving on to the 1970s, various studies highlighted the fact that memory distortions occurred not only for unfamiliar materials such as folk tales, word lists or pictures but that they are in a byproduct of our regular understanding and memory of information and events. Look at the work of Bransford and Johnson (1973) for example in which comprehension and memory showed that the recall of information depended on engaging constructive processes by which information is related to prior knowledge at enc oding. However, their work also depicted how people are a lot more likely to falsely claim that stories included information that was only inferred based on prior knowledge. People who were told the story in which the information was about the spy who threw a secret document into the fireplace just in time because another couple of seconds would have been too late were likely to recall the story that claimed that the spy had burned the document. Thus, distorted remembering of information is a possibility but it is not always true. In 1981, Johnson and Raye suggested that memory distortions reflect errors which arise from imperfect reality monitoring processes that are a key part of remembering: that is, people sometimes confuse information they are generate during initial encoding, the retention interval or consequent remembering of an incident for information that came from the event. So reality monitoring is a special consideration of the more generalized ongoing function of sourc e monitoring that makes attributions about the origins of activated information in mental experience (Johnson et al. 1993). Factors that cause false memories To gain a better understanding of the nature of false memories to look at the underlying causes that result in the phenomena is imperative. Some of these factors are highlighted as: Inaccurate perception Inaccurate perception suggests that false memory originates while the event is still occurring, that is,

Elon Musk Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

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Anatomy & Physiology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

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Microsoft Write Up Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

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Problems In Adulthood Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

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Strategic Staffing Handbook Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

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Police and Society Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Police and Society Assignment - Essay Example Lately, in London, disgraces revolved around police involvement in and disbursements from organized crime, especially in drug squads and obscene publication squads. Other scandals include beating up of suspects, perjury, and tampering with confessional evidence. The Metropolitan Service recently investigated cases, which have brought in more attention to officers, mostly in specialized squads, benefiting from their position, such as through theft of money, protection of criminals, and the resale of detained drugs (Lesage, 2005). An increase in recognition of the prevalent nature of police corruption has resulted in significant developments in Wales and England. Task forces are being put in place to create good practice guidance in preventing corruption by the police. At a force level, corruption concerns and their professional standards have resulted in institution of ‘professional stands units’ in most of the police forces in Wales and England, which are dedicated to in vestigating and identifying corruption, misconduct, fraud, domestic violence, racist, sexist, or homophobic behavior, spurious claims of sickness to be granted a sick leave, and criminality among police staff. Principles of Police ethics and methods of accountability to deter police corruption Promoting an ethical culture â€Å"Policing by example† is one of the police strategies that have been incorporated in West Midlands, and involves various themes to set high standards of behavior in professional practices and in dealing with the public. It emphasizes high standards in the workplace and the significance of leadership. This ensures that harassment and other victimization forms are not tolerated, including the protection of policemen who report unethical actions among colleagues. â€Å"Policing by example† is an idea that can be promoted in other parts of the UK through glossy documents distributed in major police forces and training intended to raise awareness and guidance to challenge unacceptable behavior. There should be developments in political and public culture of civil liberties and individual rights in the UK to encourage more open public criticism on ethics of the police, especially in relation to minorities. Groups and communities should be organized to represent those who can rally community opinion and criticize police practice, which is in support of more external and legal regulation. It is logical to assume that this principle towards special interest group alarm about civil or legal rights and minority claims will increase open support for more aggressive governance and civil regulation of the police. Consequently, the government will be forced to put in place these new and more aggressive national demands for police accountability. The new Police accountability Basing on a neo-liberal critique of traditional management and government of the police, new philosophies and internal self-governance forms are being proposed. The e ntire political governance of the police is shifting away from the old models of reactive accountability that depend on the application of hierarchical, external legal rules, central regulations, and discipline that is punishment-centered. This traditional model of public review or accountability has failed to provide effective police accountabi

Homework Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 20

Homework - Essay Example The employees of a business should be handled with the utmost esteem and terms of their contracts should be met without compromise. These values are absolute, and one must take them seriously enough to dominate human rationale, weakness, ego, or individual faults. Incase of failure one looks back at core values for guidance as there is always disagreement about what values should reign supreme (Dunfee & Nagayasu, 1993). In business, the ones values are the values of the employer, the freedom to choose own ethical values is somewhat limited, but due to corporate scandals, the thought of following the corporation’s values is a problem (Shaw, 2011). The real test of values and communication in business comes from resulting action. Good ethics and communication principles should be noticed at the top levels of management. In addition to that, a corporate values and ethics initiative should be sold throughout the company and customers. A company should practice its ethics and communication values. Training must be provided to everyone So that its principles are known to everyone in the business (Jennings, 2012). The ethics and communication principles should extend to the next generation employees. This is because, the longer it lasts, the more established the principles will be. Conclusively, this article illustrates the importance of business ethics in a business. It gives an insight of how business ethics aids the development of a business and gives the social, political and environmental impact of communication or business ethics in a business

Pillowman Review Essay Example for Free

Pillowman Review Essay The team of San- Jacinto central college performed the play â€Å"The Pillow man† originally written by Martin McDonough on 2003 in the Powell Arena Theatre. The play was about the tale of Katurian, a fiction writer who was interrogated by the two detectives Ariel and Tupoloski regarding the unpleasant stories of children written by Katurian. The content of Katurian’s stories was similar to the murder of the different children in the town, so they were suspected of the case. The play was performed on the black-box theatre, which was modified into the upthrust stage. The stage was good enough to support some specific part of the play like the background family scene that was provided when Katurian was narrating the story. The audiences sitting on raised stages on the three sides were able to relate the Katurian’s narration with the background scene. The opening moments of this play are superlatively funny, thanks to the interaction between Katurian and his two captors, a Detective named Tupolski (Joe Franco) and a policeman named Ariel (Richard Turner). Tupolski seems to be the epitome of quiet, industrial effectiveness, whereas Ariel (the winged indentured servant in The Tempest?) is very tightly wound, and more than eager to jump his prisoner and beat him senseless. Though all the characters were good to perform their assigned roles, I personally appreciate the role of Michal, performed by Aaron Alford, a freshman student of San Jacinto College. Just as the script says Michal was little slow to get the things, Alford did exactly the same throughout the play. As well, this character has added some comedy flavors in the play like itching ass etc. He made us laugh most of the time. The sound factor of the play was good. The crying sound from the background was really natural that attracted the attention of the audiences like me. It made to feel like somebody was really tortured there. There was a special sound effect in the play relating to the homicide and torture. Mr. Brian Hamlin did the very good job as a director and fight director. The play was directed so well. All the cast and crew do their best to execute the play. Most of the casting members were professional and graduate students interested in theatre. The two plays that I watched during this semester â€Å"The Pillowman† and â€Å"KOYAANISQATSI†. The opening scene of â€Å"The Pillowman† and â€Å"KOYAANISQATSI† both were really good. Among these two play I like â€Å"KOYAANISQATSI† better because the Hopi Indian chanter played really well. Also, action was well executed on â€Å"Star Blood† on â€Å"KOYAANISQATSI† rather than interrogating on â€Å"The Pillowman†. Lighting was well executed on â€Å"â€Å"KOYAANISQATSI† and sound effects on â€Å"The Pillowman† To sum it up, the play was good enough to entertain. I can make a consensus that the script of the play was well written. The characters were giving just the satisfaction to the superior script of the play. It was worth watchin g.

The role of Marketing Strategy and Planning

The role of Marketing Strategy and Planning What is the role of marketing strategy and planning in a business? As a number of literature and empirical research underline the importance of marketing strategy and planning (Cannon 1978; Drechsler et al. 2013; Bearden 2001), this paper aims to demonstrate the importance of strategic marketing planning and to discuss their roles in the business. It will be divided into three parts. First, related literature will be reviewed to define marketing strategy and planning. Then, the paper discusses marketing strategy and planning’s functions. And in the final part of the paper, example from venture project will be illustrated to display how these functions apply. Marketing strategy and planning’s definition Strategy provides direction and exhibits long-term objective, in which all organizational approaches and resource allocation need to relate to (Jain et al. 2012; Porter 2002). The strategy refers to three levels, corporate, business and marketing (Bearden, 2011), which need to be coherent and consistent to one other (Jain et al. 2012). Corporate strategy provides overall organizational guideline, such as corporate vision and establishment of key business objectives, whereas, strategy in business level relates to overall market, for instance, a market scope (Bearden, 2001). In marketing level, strategy will specifically deal with the marketing mix, target market and marketing execution (Bearden, 2001), for example, unique selling point (USP) proposition, pricing strategy, finance and operations (Lavinsky 2013; Githens 2011). While strategy frames direction, planning deals with detailed implementation and determines a mean in terms of timing and sequence (Jain et al. 2012). It displays what and how to execute strategies in detail (Bearden, 2001), and includes contingency plans to cope with unexpected situations (Schilit, 1987). There is a slightly difference between marketing strategy and planning terms, nevertheless, they are, somehow, relevant. Strategic marketing planning’s roles While marketing strategy functions as a guideline or ‘what-to-do’, marketing planning associates with ‘how-to’ implement those strategies (Jain et al. 2012; Lake n.d.). As these two concepts show a mutual supported process (Lake, n.d.), a combination between two areas, strategic marketing planning (SMP) is emerged. SMP is a term to describe a strategic guideline that all organizational staff undertakes to yield expected outcomes (Baker 2007; Lorette n.d.). So, the following section will focus on SMP by describing factors that shape marketing strategy and SMP’s functions in a business. Supported by Cannon (1978), Jain et al. (2012) proposed that marketing strategy concerns with external assessment, which are customer’s needs and competitor analysis, and internal evaluation, which is company’s capability. The interplay among these three pillars, or 3Cs’ analysis, shapes marketing strategy (Hernandez, 2013). Consequently, strategic marketing reflects customer’s needs, creates product differentiations and corresponds to company’s capabilities properly (Nystrà ¶m 1986; Hernandez 2013; Drechsler et al. 2013). Based on aforementioned planning characteristics and three strategy’s factors, strategic marketing planning yields four main beneficial functions (Blythe and Megicks 2010; Lorette n.d.). First of all, (1) SMP minimises potential risks related to inconsistency between marketing plan and customers’ needs (Cannon, 1978). As a well-conducted research reflects true customers’ needs, marketers could launch desirable product that match to the market. Secondly, (2) a well-organized SMP generates sustainable competitive advantages, such as distinct unique selling point. Thirdly, (3) SMP is a guideline for marketers to pursue business goals regards to certain aspects, for example, it shows financial forecast and clear-cut role allocation, leading to effective financial management and operational efficiency. Lastly, (4) as SMP includes 3C’s model analysis, potential opportunities in the future are identified (Schilit, 1987). Overall, SMP plays important roles, which relates to customer (a desirable product that serves market’s needs), competitors (the marketing mix differentiation), and company (an effective resource allocation). It also allows marketers to recognize future opportunity if SMP has been developed properly (Schilit, 1987). Example: Foodmates, a student cooking community application To demonstrating SMP functions, this following example, a venture project, will be illustrated. Foodmates is a cooking community application for Manchester-based students. To initiate this idea, marketing strategy was established according to three pillars, which are customer, competitor and company. With respect to customer, we reviewed secondary data and conduct primary research to identify opportunities that we could tap into. Students in Manchester represent potential market with specific needs and problems. Three vital student-related implications were raised, which are the lack of cooking skills, high mobile application penetration rate, and active social network interaction. We also included questions to test Foodmates’ conceptual idea. This will ensure that Foodmates will not be rejected from the market. Consequently, our business will bear less of potential risks that might be posed. As cooking application is in a highly competitive market, we analyse competitors’ strategies and their marketing mix, to create differentiation. According to these analyses, we hold on to our 3S’s USP, which are student-focused, simple recipes and sharing community, as our distinct attributes. Foodmates is the online cooking space, where Manchester-based students can contribute their simple recipes to others by posting food pictures with described recipes. This mechanic encourages sharing simple menus, which makes us different from other cooking applications. In company’s assessment aspect, we did financial forecast to estimate start-up budget and considered who should take responsible for particular jobs. Even though they were hypothetically estimated, it allows us to get a picture of what aspects marketing plan should include, and how marketing plan plays a role as a roadmap to achieve business goals. Conclusion In conclusion, marketing strategy determines direction, while planning relates to mean and implementation. The integration between these two aspects triggers strategic marketing planning (SMP) process. The roles of SMP are primarily based on three essential dimensions, which are customer, competitor and company. An effective SMP will reflect customers’ needs so it lowers product’s failure rate in particular market. Moreover, it creates not only product differentiation, but also effective resource allocation within the company. By consider customer, competitor and company aspects, the ultimate goal of SMP is a company’s sustainable success over other competitors in the market. References BAKER, M.J. (2007), â€Å"Marketing and corporate strategy†, in BAKER, M.J. (ed.), Marketing strategy and management, 4th ed., Palgrave Macmillan, New York, p. 50-76. BEARDEN, W.O. (2001), â€Å"Marketing’s strategic role in the organization†, in BEARDEN, W.O. et al. (eds.), Marketing: Principles Perspectives, 3rd ed., McGraw Hill Irwin, Boston, p. 51-73. BLYTHE, J. and MEGICKS, P. (2010), â€Å"Introduction to marketing planning†, in BLYTHE, J. and MEGICKS, P., Marketing Planning: Strategy, Environment and Context, Pearson, Edinburgh, p. 1-22. CANNON, T. (1978), â€Å"New product development†, European Journal of Marketing, Vol. 12 No.3, p. 217-248. DRECHSLER, W. et al. (2013), â€Å"Improving Marketings Contribution to New Product Development†, Journal of Product Innovation Management, Vol. 30 No.2, p. 298-315. GITHENS, G. (2011), A guide to the three types of strategy and business model scope, [Online] Available from: http://leadingstrategicinitiatives.com/2011/07/10/a-guide-to-the-three-types-of-strategy-and-business-model-scope/ [Accessed 11/01/2014]. HERNANDEZ, H. (2013), Simple Approach to a high level 3C’s Analysis, [Online] Available from: http://ochodigital.com/blog/simple-approach-high-level-3cs-analysis/ [Accessed 23/12/2013]. JAIN, S.C. et al. (2012), â€Å"Marketing and the concept of planning and strategy†, in JAIN, S.C. et al. (eds.), Marketing planning and strategy, Cengage, Australia, p. 3-27. LAKE, L. (n.d.), Marketing Strategy vs. Marketing Plan, [Online] Available from: http://marketing.about.com/od/marketingplanandstrategy/a/Marketing-Strategy-Vs-Marketing-Plan.htm [Accessed 23/12/2013]. LAVINSKY, D. (2013), Marketing plan template: Exactly what to include, [Online] Available from: http://www.forbes.com/sites/davelavinsky/2013/09/30/marketing-plan-template-exactly-what-to-include/ [Accessed 11/01/2014]. LORETTE, K. (n.d.), The role of marketing planning in business, [Online] Available from: http://smallbusiness.chron.com/role-marketing-planning-business-3234.html [Accessed 23/12/2013]. NYSTRÃâ€"M, H. (1986), â€Å"Balancing competition and cooperation, the key to successful marketing strategy†. In: 3rd International I.M.P. Research seminar on international marketing, France, September 1986. France: IMP, p. 1-19. PORTER, M.E. (2002), â€Å"What is strategy†, in MAZZUCATO, M. (ed.), Strategy for business, SAGE, London, p. 10-31. SCHILIT, W.K. (1987), â€Å"How to write a winning business plan†, Business Horizons, Vol.30 No.5, p. 13-22.

Compensating Wages for Dangerous Job Workers

Compensating Wages for Dangerous Job Workers Explain why workers with dangerous jobs are paid more than workers with less dangerous jobs The competition in the job market has shown an upward turn, when we talk about the opportunities for the job seekers. There are diversified fields for the job seekers based on their qualifications and experience. But another factor is also very vital when a person seeks a job; his / her own choice regarding environment and the workplace safety is equally important. Some people like to work in offices due to the peaceful, neat and clean environment but the same â€Å"paradise† may be â€Å"hell† for others just because they cannot handle the mental stress attached with the office jobs e.g. Accounting, Finance etc. On the other hand some people enjoy the jobs in the field of marketing, which would not be accepted by those who like to work in isolation. But there are some jobs, which are considered dangerous due to the nature of the workplace, or the work that needs to be carried out. Although none of the workers may like to work in dangerous conditions the compensation of fered attracts individuals to come into this field. So, keeping in view all these factors the compensation package of the employee can be assessed (Roberts, Burton Bodah, 2005). Normally the jobs, which require higher skilled individuals is highly compensated when compared to jobs that require only lower or lesser skills. It is considered that the differential amount paid to the higher educated persons, is in compensation for the additional sacrifices and payment made by the person to obtain the skills and education necessary (Dumond, Hirsch MacPherson, 1999). The workplace area and the safety at workplace catches the attention of the employees to demand extra wages. Smith used the words ‘hardship, ‘disagreeable and ‘dirtiness for the work of colliers in Newcastle to explain why they earned two or three times more than common laborers in Scotland (1976). The statistics have been collected by the Bureau of Labour Statistics These statistics have been published on CNN referring to an 18 year old logger who was killed on December 3, 2002. It clearly depicts that the risk factor involved in these jobs classifies them in the category of additional compensatory jobs. The Timber Cutters are facing a high risk and the rate of mortality has been the highest for them when compared to other jobs. People involved in fisheries are at second with fatality rate of 71.1. Pilots and navigators are at third with the mortality rate of 69.8. All these people work out of doors except the structural metal workers. People involved in driving, sailing, and even flying in the list given below as high risk workers. These are outdoor jobs, which are considered the most dangerous jobs. Therefore people in these jobs need the security and compensation as an attraction to continue doing the job. Employers, therefore offer special allowances and compensation along with medical facility, insurance, housing etc. It is not only the risk that is involved in the job that increases compensation for these workers but many other factors. However the discussion of those factors is outside the scope of this paper and therefore will not be mentioned here. Some salient factors have been given below which shows why workers with dangerous jobs are paid more. One is that there is a direct threat to a workers health and life in a dangerous profession. If a worker is hurt due to the nature of job, he may loose a part of his body and sometimes even his life (Schumacher, Hirsch, 1997). This could happen even though there are many workplace health and safety regulations in place and even though the supervisors and the employees themselves are trained on how to maximize safety in the work area. Further a direct threat to the life of a worker is also a threat to the stability and security for his or her dependants. This is because if the worker looses his life or his ability to work (due to injury or disability) the dependents would loose their safety net and can be made destitute (McDuff, 1999). Different jobs have different health hazards Different jobs have different health hazards and by implication different life expectancies. Workers in dangerous jobs are assumed to get a higher wages to compensate for the lower life expectancy and by measuring the size of that premium you can get a rough measure of the value of an extra year (Schumacher, Hirsch, 1997). It turns out that this calculation gives a strong effect: the benchmark calculation assumes that a ten percent increase in life expectancy will generate a 0.24 percentage points increase in adjusted GDP growth (Osburn, 2000). Workers may also need compensation for the stress and anxiety they have to face due to the dangers they are exposed to in the workplace (Mcgoldrick, 1995). For example armed forces stationed in high altitude locations are awarded extra allowance for the isolation at glaciers. The dangerous jobs also need a high level of hard work and physical efforts, which is normally more than the efforts required in normal physical labour. Therefore the extra physical effort of the workers must be compensated by the employer, and this is another reason why employees in dangerous of physically demanding professions get higher wages (Miller, Mulvey Norris, 1997). Concluding the discussion above, it is evident that the dangerous jobs are facing high risk increasing the life uncertainty of the workers. They need life insurance for their life for their families and dependents. Critically appraise the findings of empirical studies that have estimated compensating wage differentials. In labour economics the term Compensation differential is use to describe and analyze the relationship between wage rate and the corresponding risk, unpleasantness and any dangerous attitudes that are entailed in the job. The term compensation differential is also known as â€Å"equalizing difference† or even â€Å"compensating wage differential†. A compensating wage differential refers to the additional compensation that is paid to a worker or an employee in order to motivate the individual to take on a job that is considered undesirable or even a dangerous in comparison to other jobs that are available in the market (Schettkat, 1993). However it is noteworthy that â€Å"compensating differentials† does not apply only to dangerous and undesirable jobs, but also to extremely desirable jobs with special benefits. In the case of the latter, instead of being paid a higher compensation, the individuals concerned will be willing to accept a lower pay as the job entails benefits that are special and cannot be found elsewhere or with any other jobs. The difference here is however that instead of the compensation differential being positive it will be negative in the case of the latter example (Schettkat, 1993). A lot of models have been presented by different authors around the globe regarding compensating wage differentials and many studies have been undertaken in this area. Based on these studies, surveys and analyses, findings have been published in the journals, newspapers and websites. These publications stressed the compensating wage differentials not only for the workers exposed to death due to accidents but for other reasons as well. The term ‘Risk Premium is also used as an alternative to the compensating wage differentials for the workers doing dangerous jobs. Marin and Psacharopoulos (1982), in the first paper using British data from the Office of Population Censuses and Surveys (OPCS) Occupational Mortality Decennial Supplement 1970-72, find evidence of a wage premium for exposure to fatal risk. Sandy and Elliott (1996) and Arabsheibani and Marin (2000) using similar data over the period 1979 to 1983, and Siebert and Wei (1994) using Health and Safety Executive (HSE) data for 1986 to 1988, all find evidence of a fatal risk premium. Another study has been carried out in the Hong Kong regarding compensating wage differentials laying special emphasis on the risk associated with the workplace fatality. The data has been collected from the 1991 census and then it has been merged with the accident data provided by the Labour Department. A theory has been presented by Thaler and Rosen in 1976. The estimation of compensating wage differentials has been carried out with the following formula W = a0 + a1X + a2p + e Where w is the wage rate, X a vector of individual and job characteristics, including the usual human capital variables; p is a measure of job risk and e is an error term. Over the past two decades studies have estimated compensating wage differentials by using this equation. The result normally suggests that a positive and significant compensating wage differential for the jobs with mortality risk is found mostly in the United States, the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia and Japan. Another important factor the compensating wage differentials has been identified as; child penalty. The fact that mothers tend to earn less than women without children seems to be well established in the economic literature and is called child penalty or family gap. Several researchers found raw wage gaps of almost 20% for the US, 13% for the UK and up to 20% for Germany. In order to investigate the impact of motherhood on the choice between pecuniary and non-pecuniary job characteristics the German Socio-Economic Panel (GSOEP; 1984-2003) was used by Felfe in 2006. The sample of interest consists of women during their fertile years, defined as the age from 16 to 46. The dataset provides detailed information about personal and job characteristics, about pecuniary and in particular non-pecuniary ones. Besides it reports satisfaction with the job what is used as a proxy for utility and allows testing if both pecuniary and non-pecuniary job characteristics determine jointly the satisfaction of a mother. The longitudinal nature of the data allows observing mothers around first birth. Th e dataset used is the German Socioeconomic Panel (GSOEP), which is a yearly repeated survey of Germans and Foreigners in West and East Germany (1984-2003). Since 1984 the GSOEP follows the members of the panel. In 2003 the GSOEP provided information about more than 12000 households consisting of more than 24000 people In order to test the hypothesis of the child penalty as a compensating wage differential, the following methodology, divided in three parts, has been conducted. A first step was to investigate if motherhood really affects the job characteristics, i.e. if not only the pecuniary but also the non-pecuniary job characteristics change after motherhood and thus the loss of wage might be compensated with an increase in amenities. In order to estimate changes in job characteristics around and after motherhood, an event study analysis has been used which studies the effects of first birth on a variety of job characteristics. A second necessary step was to show if and how certain job features enter the utility of mothers. According to theory of compensating wage differentials both pecuniary and non-pecuniary characteristics determine jointly the utility of a worker. In case a mother is willing to give up part of her income in order to have a more family friendly job, certain job characteristics have to compensate for this loss in wage and thus raise the utility of a mother. In order to test this empirically, satisfaction regressions has been used. In a last step the actual compensating wage differential has been measured, i.e. how much of their wage mothers are willing to give up for having a job with more amenities (less disamenities). Therefore as a last step a hedonic wage regression has been run including certain (dis-) amenities as control variables. Conclusion The conclusion of the above discussion reveals that the compensating wage differentials have been studied by many of the analysts around the globe using different methodologies and statistics. These studies helped the users understanding the trend regarding compensating wage differentials and the impact on workers. REFERENCES Abraham, J, Lluis, S. (2008) â€Å"Compensating Differentials and Fringe Benefits: Evidence from the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey 1997-2004†, retrieved on July 28th, 2009 from Christie, L. (2003) â€Å"Americas most dangerous jobs The top ten most dangerous jobs in America†, CNN Money, retrieved on 28th July, 2009 from Dumond, J. M., Hirsch, B. T., MacPherson, D. A. (1999). â€Å"Wage Differentials Across Labor Markets and Workers: Does Cost of Living Matter?†. Economic Inquiry, 37(4), pp. 577-608. Dupuy, A. Smits, W. (2009), â€Å"How Large is the Compensating Wage Differential for RD Workers?† Retrieved on July 28th, 2009 from Felfe, C. (2006), â€Å"The child penalty A compensating wage differential†, retrieved on July 28th, 2009 from Lanfranchi, J., Ohlsson, H., Skalli, A (2009) â€Å"Compensating Wage Differentials And Shift Work Preferences* Evidence from France†, retrieved on July 28th, 2009 from McDuff, E. M. (1999). â€Å"Social Support and Compensating Differentials in the Ministry: Gender Differences in Two Protestant Denominations†. Review of Religious Research, 40(4), pp. 307-330. Mcgoldrick, K. (1995). â€Å"Do Women Receive Compensating Wages for Earnings Uncertainty?†. Southern Economic Journal, 62(1), pp. 210. Miller, P., Mulvey, C., Norris, K. (1997). â€Å"Compensating Differentials for Risk of Death in Australia†. Economic Record, 73(223), pp. 363. Osburn, J. (2000). â€Å"Interindustry Wage Differentials: Patterns and Possible Sources†. Monthly Labor Review, 123(2), pp. 34. Polachek, S. W. Siebert, S. W. (1993) Economics of Earnings. Cambridge University Press. Roberts, K., Burton, J. F., Bodah, M. M. (Eds.). (2005). Workplace Injuries and Diseases: Prevention and Compensation : Essays in Honor of Terry Thomason. Kalamazoo, MI: W.E. Upjohn Institute for Employment Research. Schettkat, R. (1993). â€Å"Compensating Differentials? Wage Differentials and Employment Stability in the U.S. and German Economies†. Journal of Economic Issues, 27(1), pp. 153. Schumacher, E. J., Hirsch, B. T. (1997). â€Å"Compensating Differentials and Unmeasured Ability in the Labor Market for Nurses: Why do Hospitals Pay More?†. Industrial Labor Relations Review, 50(4), pp. 557-579. Siebert, W. S. Wei, X (1998), â€Å"Wage Compensation for Job Risks: The Case of Hong Kong†, Asian Economic Journal, Vol 12 No. 2, retrieved on July 28th, 2009 from â€Å"The Human Development Index. A better way of measuring welfare? Notes on Nick Crafts, ‘The human development index and changes in standard of living: some historical comparisons†. European Review of Economic History, Vol 1, (1997), retrieved on July 28th, 2009 from REFERENCES The Bureau of Labour Statistics, retrieved on 28th July, 2009 from

The Epic of Gilgamesh versus The Epic of Beowulf Essay example -- essa

The Epic of Gilgamesh and Beowulf contain everything we can expect from a great epic literature. It portrays fantastic geographies, exotic characters, exhausting quests, heroic battles with monsters, supernatural beings and natural forces. Most important of all, they are two outstanding stories of a great epic hero who is compelled to meet his destiny and who rises to every challenge with courage and determination. Beowulf is the earliest surviving epic poem written in a modern European language. It was written in Old English sometime before the tenth century A.D. The poem describes the adventures of Beowulf, a Scandinavian warrior of the sixth century. Beowulf is described as a perfect hero who fights for his people and gets rid of evil with his extraordinary abilities to bring peace and justice. Unlike Beowulf, The Epic of Gilgamesh was one of the first pieces of literature known to man. The epic was found among ruins in Ninevah in the form of twelve large tablets, dating to 2,000 B.C. The epic is believed to be based on the Archaic Sumerian king Gilgamesh who ruled the city of Uruk around 2700 B.C. The main character in The Epic of Gilgamesh is a very powerful man who is two-thirds immortal and one-third man. He too is thought to be a hero and possesses many of Beowulf’s heroic values, but he also possesses many differences. Beowulf is a hero in the eyes of his fellow men through hi s amazing physical strength and courage. He fought in many battles and won all besides his last. Beowulf was powerful enough to kill the monster Grendel, who had been terrorizing the Danes for twelve years, with his bare hands. When the two battled off Beowulf grabbed Grendal’s arm and ripped it off at the shoulder. Beowulf then fought Grendel's ... ...essed with becoming a hero. He set out to destroy Humbaba, his only ambition being to leave an enduring name. The one thing Gilgamesh feared was death. After his friend and companion, Enkidu, died Gigamesh became obsessed with death. He wept for seven days and seven nights before starting a great journey to find everlasting life. He searchers for a man named Utnapishtim, who was given eternal life by the gods, to find out how he escaped death. Beowulf's strength, and his ability to put his people’s welfare before his own, and the fact that he does not fear death makes him revered by all, especially those of his time. In both epics the heros possessed god-like strength and defeated many evil beings. Both were courageous and feared no man or creature.Beowulf stuck to a stricter code of ethics.Beowulf is the prime example of an epic hero, and he embodies the conduct.

Characteristics of Magical Realism in If Dinosaurs Were Cats And Dogs :: Dinosaurs Were Cats And Dogs Essays

Characteristics of Magical Realism in If Dinosaurs Were Cats And Dogs      Ã‚  Ã‚   "If Dinosaurs Were Cats And Dogs" is a short story written by Colin McNaughton. "If Dinosaurs were Cats And Dogs" was published in 1981. It is classified under the fantastic sublime. However, based on the analysis of "If Dinosaurs were Cats And Dogs" one would believe that magical realism is a genre of the sublime.    While reading "If Dinosaurs Were Cats And Dogs", one comes upon the illustrations in the book. Through out all of the illustrations, the people are on a smaller scale then the animals. Scale is a sign of a sublime work. It creates a mood of nature being more important than humans or anything else for that matter. Scale, when used in sublime works, sets a universal or macroscopic tone.    I would confidently maintain that nothing contributes so decisively to the grand style as a noble emotion in the right setting, when it forces its way to the surface in a gust of frenzy, and breathes a kind of divine inspiration into the speaker's words (Longinus 109). Longinus is explaining how a moment in a story line becomes clear to the reader out of a turbulent setting. It is considered by Longinus to be a perfect specimen of the sublime. In the short story "If Dinosaurs Were Cats And Dogs", many examples of the emotion force their way to the surface in an uncontrollable frenzy. A good example from "If Dinosaurs Were Cats And Dogs' would be this excerpt: " This snake is over ten miles long, which makes it very hard to steer. When people shout, "Look out! Look Out! Its head's too far away to hear"(McNaughton 21). In the excerpt from the story, when it is explained that even though people are shouting for the snake to watch where it is going, the snake can't hear because the it's head is ten miles away. This is a brilliant examples of sublime literature.    Although "If Dinosaurs Were Cats and Dogs" is classified as fantastic sublime, the story has many examples of magical realism within its pages. The way in which the animals in the story are humungous is one of the many examples of magical realism. A parrot that is twenty-nine feet tall is extraordinary. Even more extraordinary is a snake that is ten miles long.

Assessing the Impact of Using Internet for Competitive Intelligence

Assessing the impact of using Internet for competitive intelligence Here is the summary of an interesting scientific paper dealing with the impact of using the Internet for competitive intelligence. The Internet, as an information-rich resource and interorganizational communication tool, has transformed the way that firms gather, produce and transmit competitive intelligence (CI). The aim of this article is to assess the impact of the Internet on CI and the subsequent effects on the organization. What is CI?It is a process of knowing what the competition is up to and staying one step ahead of it, by gathering information about competitors and ideally, applying this information in short- and long-term strategic planning. It refers to actionable information about the external business environment that could affect a company’s competitive position. CI is not industrial espionage given that 90% of all information that a company needs to make critical decisions and to understand it s market and competitors is already public or can be systematically developed from public data.The growth of the Internet has led to CI professionals exploiting its information richness and hypermedia capabilities for CI activities. By using the Internet, a company can monitor the presence, posture, products, and prices of other players in its industry. It can track the views of customers and seek out new ideas and expertise internationally. Model : they examine the downstream effects of using the Internet (for research, internal and external use) on quality of CI information and its subsequent effects on organizational performance.Concretely, the model could be summarized as followed: Research + Internal Use + External Use Quality of CI information Impact on organization The first three components symbolized the Internet Usage. Results and implications The results of this study indicate that using the Internet has a positive impact on the quality of CI information. There is a posit ive relationship between usage of CI information and organizational performance. It shows that the improved quality of CI information through Internet usage has a positive impact on organization.The results suggest that there is a direct positive link between usage of the Internet (for research, internal or external purpose) and the quality of CI information, and a positive downstream impact on the organizations’ strategic benefits. Although there may be some concerns about the reliability and timeless of information published on the Internet, there is little doubt that it is one of the most cost-effective means of obtaining information. However, data must be transformed into knowledge and order has to be created from the chaos of the Internet.The information overload from the Internet also makes focused research difficult but ‘intelligent agents’ have to be developed to automate and alleviate the CI professional’s information gathering workload. My opinio n: This paper has been written in 2001, which means a very long time ago when we are talking about the Internet and its information storage capabilities. Do you think this paper is no longer suitable for the current situation we are experiencing (empowerment of the customers through social medias, increased access to the Internet, hackers and so on) ?Moreover, they say that the ‘intelligent agents’ have to learn how to scan the information to find the relevant one and that it’s the most cost-effective means of obtaining information, do you think this notion is still true or must be nuanced ? Bron: â€Å"Assessing the impact of using Internet for competitive intelligence† Thompson S. H. Teo & Wing Yee Choo Information & Management 39 (2001) 67-83 http://www. cuaed. unam. mx/puel_cursos/cursos/d_gcfe_m_tres/modulo/modulo_3/m3-4. pdf

Quality Management Assessment Summary Essay

The wellness c be reference concern responsibilities atomic number 18 to assess awe that is provided to diligents and aro habituate authoritative that these patients receive whole step wellness services. The step attention servings give taste and awareness to the arrangement policies and finishings. Having risk focussing in the organization upholds drop every potential of negative imp proceeds that could be located on any of the patients, provide and similarly the organization itself. In infirmarys this is a thought-provoking and complex sour which payers and participants require that health organization should engage in efforts to evaluate the validity ensure their relevance in tint.One of the basic imaginations of persona solicitude is endless timbre avail which is everlastingly ongoing effort to enhance remediatements or process of approach. Throughout time you ordain use a cycle footf all told develop with a plan by diagnoseing what inescapab ly to be changed and establishing a plan, thence you have the action of do which is pose the plan to work by implementing the virgin changes, the new(prenominal) concept is check use info to analyze results and try to brand if it made a difference, lastly is act upon plan. The term is interchangeable also called continual improvement and continuous improvement.A nonher concept of select watchfulness is called total tone of voice solicitude takes a look at overall quality, the design and schooling which is what the continuous quality guidance does. Total quality management job is to make sure that they customer expectations of service are met with broad(prenominal) quality. Total quality management are associated with the production requirements, creation of plans, precludeion of salute and training preparation of the process set up in place. All the names of how they quotation quality management just depends on the industry which makes the name vary from angiotensi n converting enzyme organization to the next but all bureau the uniform thing.The instruction execution management is different because this is a continuous process of communication and clarifying ones job responsibilities, priorities, to make sure at that place is mutual understanding between the executive program and employee. A performance management encourages development and feedback also fosters aggroupwork among the employees, resolves performance problems, recognizes quality performance and provides decisions on promotions and pay for performance.The performance improvement is somewhat similar to performance anagement because two descriptions implementing interventions for improvements, identifying the problem, encourage employees, offers feedback close performance, educate active job expectations, and offers incentives for performance. Where I work at the hospital we use quality management and they military service by reviewing policies and procedures for the orga nization and for for severally one department. Monthly meetings with the quality management to make us aware of the feedback they make for about the quality of service or if they are educating us on new change. all over the years the hospital sets new goals to get hold of and want to eliminate short(p) performance, un infallible readmissions that cause a financial magnetic core on the organization, so the new implementation of principles premise help everyone make this happen. The hospital would like to offer the patients larger office provide in their health, treatment and hospital experience. The gigantic term goal is to be an ground tackle of health in the community that helps improves the access, quality, reject toll, and efficiency.We utilize case managers to evaluate admissions to prevent costliest episodes of sell which is that redundant readmission this is a compact term goal which give non take long to revise. This is informing this team that they are dec ision makers and this requires the team to help organize what the appropriate protocol is for unnecessary readmission. Another long term goal is the communication across the board for the continuum of flush should be improved and need to be building a foundation to help one another coordinate care. laconic term goal the hospital needs to rely in a shared belief in testify base medicine. If there is a protocol in place but the provider detours and does something that they sleep with will work this is information that will need to be shared and documented, to help quality management review and could perchance make revisions in the protocol. This is a incontrovertible if we brook see patients usefulness from this say based medicine, and if it is not reported than this means everyone is doing their own thing and not sharing the information to get everyone on the same page.Past experiences disturb decisions making and fag be positive result because the shunning is making sa me decisions as before. outer and Internal influence in marketing, health quality initiatives have a huge impact on the hospital. Influence is through developing the honorable supportive culture, attracting and retention the redress employees to promote quality, updating an in house quality process and furnishing the right tools to their jobs.Having gamey quality comes from physicians, nurses, administrators and ancillary staff to give high quality care and have legal improvements in rank to be successful. It is everyone job to be a team player and participate in helping the hospital achieve the goals. The right supportive culture reflects good leadership and involvement with the hospital by coverage performance indicators, improvements proofs by results, and also promoting a safe environment for everyone. If you dont have the right support staff then the hospital will be incompliant facing many fines for violations.Developing effective in house outcomes and cost shows th e quality of the hospital. This part of the hospital is trained to ease the problem solving process with physicians and other employees. Effective problem solving leads to evidence based on the protocols put in place to enhance efficiencies for instance reduce turn slightly time in the hand brake room or turn around time for test results. The negative impact of this not being successful is that it could cave in the hospital reputation word of express is wherefore majority of the patients come.It is very primal that the staff of the hospital has the right tools to do their jobs this allows all staff to give high quality care on day by day basis and will help identify problems when they do surface, being that the right tools will not be one of them. non having the right supplies could cause some golosh problems with patient care and environmental which could lead to many lawsuits. All hospitals want to improve the quality of care and patient caoutchouc because they are takin g on the repugn to move forth.What distinguishes the hospital from others is that screaming the issue is not the only thing that needs to be done but back up what is implemented with concrete actions and research much deeply to identify the root causes, providing a solution and being accountable for it. The of import qualities which are important and implemented are selective information quality sound judgment, entropy quality measurements and operation data quality improvements. The data quality assessment is the information needed when treating patients and physicians have been made aware of poor data quality ffects the hospitals operation.By quantifying the break in the value the practitioner can review and determine a cost effective and also the speed the quality improvements. For instance, when a package that was intended for mortal else goes to the wrong address that increases mailing and shipping cost because of the faulty address. Data quality measurements are the results from the data quality assessment in which the data quality analysts synthesize that information and also concentrate on the elements.This is reported with a scorecard cover units of measures and thresholds for example, with the packing going to the incorrect address this can be defined by using quality validation rules for the each address and the information can be all gathered of all incorrect addresses in the system to show why the increase cost. Operational data quality improvement is used to identify data quality rules and this is approved through data stewardship procedure. Clinical and administrators get assistance from both quality management and risk management to improve clinical practice and organization systems. put on the line management and quality management collaboration will improve patient overall care, improving external compliance, protect the hospital from all other risk. Risk management can ensure a flow of information between staff, departments to g et better results on patient care also keeping in intellectual protecting hospital from any painting of statutes. The unity of risk management and quality management the hospital will benefit and enhance patient safety and sully the harm of the patient. There will be less duplication, improve communication, coordination of activities through the organizational policy.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Written and Unwritten Constitutions

f each(prenominal) upon and discuss the advantages and injustices of create verb both last(predicate)y and extemporary tokens of personalitys. A authorship is a body of first harmonic rules or established precedents according to which a terra firma or organization is g of tot onlyy timeywherened, particularly when embodying the rights of subjects. A disposition sets erupt how each the elements of G overnment be organized and how king is carved up among different policy-making units. It contains rules ab step forward what place is wielded, who wields it and over whom it is wielded in the governing of a enounce.As a agreeable of deal or contract among those in force out and those who be subjected to this cater, a make-up defines the rights and duties of citizens and the devices that keep those in supply in check. A constitution is the positive fairness of the land in whatsoever given arna and no stark naked(prenominal) integrity may scrap with i t, nor may the government do allthing that violates it. Constitutions make up as national and regional. deuce types of national constitutions that exist atomic bend 18 the compose ( systemise) constitution and the un create verbally (un codified) constitution.Countries akin the unite terra firma, Israel and New Zealand put up the un pen constitution while countries like India, United States and states of the res prevalenta Caribbean possess the pen constitution. A written constitution is unitary that is contained in a hotshot school text file which is the one source of innate law in a state. Written constitutions be oft the product of some striking governmental transport such(prenominal) as a revolution as was the character of America and the gaining of independence by the Commonwealth Caribbean countries from Britain.The operate by which a realm adopts a constitution is closely only whentoned to the historic and governmental context movement these c onstitutional changes. The legitimacy and longevity of codified constitutions put one over often been tied to the process by which they were initially adopted. States that obligate codified constitutions formly give the constitution domination over cut-and-dry rule law. self-generated constitutions atomic number 18 the product of an evolution of laws and conventions over centuries. There argon advantages and injurys to both types of constitutions.Major principle and key constitutional provisions atomic number 18 intrench, safeguarding them from intervention by the Government of the day. An entrenched constitution tail non be altered in any(prenominal)(prenominal) way by a general assembly as part of its normal business concerning ordinary statutory laws. The strongest train of entrenchment exist in those constitutions that state that some of the just about fundamental principles atomic number 18 absolute, i. e. certain articles may non be amended down the stairs any circumstances. For simulation the German Federal Constitution which states that homophile dignity on the basis of pitying rights is saved.The fundamental rights or the right to life while atomic number 18 outlined. The circular of Rights ar clear outlines which deals with rights to equality, human dignity, life, privacy, freedom of speech, freedom of godliness and express mailion, labour relations, education, children and legal process. A level of Rights place limitations on the Government and creates an field of honor of freedom for the heap. Individual liberty is to a broader extent securely protected and authorative Government is unbroken at bay. The Government is straight jacketed, so absolute powerfulness can non be the norm of the government.The Constitution is supreme over ordinary jurisprudence law. If there is any conflict in the midst of a legal statute and the constitution, all or part of the statute ar decl ared ultra vires by a hook, and struc k down as unconstitutional. The constitution of the United States had many out of the blue(predicate) shortcomings which the Founding Fathers could not rush agnise over devil hundred eld ago. These had to be patched through amendments, just waste been honoured by Governments, and no dictatorship has been able to take h experient of it.The reversal effect of this was seen with the constitution of Argentina written many grades after in 1853 and was a better document, but did not prevent a succession of supreme Governments from ignoring it, such as the Perons forces Government which unattended the fundamental rights of the heap. In Argentina a state of indispensableness was declared 52 times to break constitutional guarantees. Non political judge are able to police the constitution to tick that its provisions are upheld by different public bodies.The court is unique in that it is not elected, but it is independent. Judges in Trinidad and Tobago and the rest of the Commonwealth Caribbean are appointive by the unlike Judicial and profound Service Commissions. As a yield no one, especially a twist politician can interfere in the work of the constitutional courts. The constitution is protected by the legal bodies of the courts, such as the Supreme motor inn, the Constitutional Courts or the spirited Courts of the heterogeneous countries. The responsibility of the court is to protect constitutionally established rights and freedom.Any constitutional intrusion by the administrator director, such as a politician who abuses the power of his established authorization can be held fibable in court. This was evident in Trinidad and Tobago, where many snarl that the last establish take care, Patrick Manning abused the powers of his obligation, and on many occasions was taken to court for discriminatory review. The German Constitutional Court is a special court devote solely to the protection of the constitution. Constitutional courts a re powerful instruments of judicial review with the power to declare unconstitutional a law that is deemed incompatible with the constitution.France has a Constitutional Council which decide the constitutionality of laws before the ratification process. The power of the legislative body is restrain, cutting its sovereignty down to size. A crucial function of a constitution and a classic feature of democracy is the division of power among the three pillars of Government, i. e. the legislative, the executive and the judiciary. The legislative assembly makes laws and monitors the executive. The executive makes policy, proposes laws and implements laws passed by the legislatures and the judiciary tries cases and administer justice.Each arm of the state keeps define over the powers of the other. The courts can judge the actions of the legislature and the executive but cannot pass laws. The legislature can make laws but cannot exceed down judgments or take executive action. The chall enge is to ensure that the executives do not wield its authority without existence contained by the other branches. Division of power in this way ensures checks and balances within the system in a country. Lord performions assumption was, power corrupts absolute power corrupts absolutely.The concentration of all power into the hands of one individual or group places them in a spotlight to abuse that power and thus to bestow fear into the cat valium man, hence the involve for the doctrine of the separation of powers in a democracy. The written document has an educational value in that it highlights the central values and overall goals of the political system. The ceremonial preamble of the Trinidad and Tobagos constitution makes reference to the supremacy of God, fundamental human rights and freedoms. The American constitution excessively draws reference to God.The constitution of the Republic of southbound Africa 1996 which is called the birth certificate of a brisk South Africa states the hopes and aspirations of the nation torn aside by apartheid. This preamble recognizes the injustices of the past and honours degree those who suffered for injustices and freedom and respect for those who work to complaisantise the country and believe that South Africa belongs to all who live in it, united in diversity. One disadvantage of the written constitution is that it is more than(prenominal) than rigid and may and then be less responsive and pliable than an extemporaneous one.It is the view of many politicians and academics globally that a constitution should grow with the community in keeping with that particular time in the historical development of the country. This type of constitution does not forfeit for a prominent amount of organic change over time and does not slow take into account the needs of the participatory system and the throng. A majority is take in fan tan to attempt any kind of modification. The United States constitution is stuck with old provisions that mickle mobilize are a bad idea, e. . the right to bear implements of war and the right to a board trial in federal cases involving more than twenty dollars. After time near of these old provisions are ignored or never used in a modern society, since they are not relevant to the needs of the the great unwashed. Last year the St. Vincent Government essay constitutional reform, but needed a majority of 70 five percent of the voters in a referendum. The Government was not able to pass this majority, so they are stuck within the marge of their old constitution.Within the last couple of age the Peoples National parkway under the Prime Minister Patrick Manning, of Trinidad and Tobago attempted constitutional reform, but they did not hold back a majority in parliament so they went about it in a different way. The draft proposed constitution was printed and astray distributed to citizens of the country so that their views were shared. Througho ut the country there were public meetings and consultation with the people. The people were given a forum to express their desire or disgust for the proposed constitutional document.There was also consultation with the leader of the opposition, because the prevail of the opposition was needed to make any kind of amendment to the proposed constitution. The second disadvantage of the written constitution is that Government power may be more effectively constrained by regular elections than by a constitutional document. In democratic countries, cosmopolitan Elections are held ever so often so that the people can see who forms the next Government. In the United States, elections are held every four historic period, but a President cannot reply more than two terms, so he cannot run for office after his second term is up.This is another(prenominal) way to keep someone out of the Presidency for too long, like in some of the African countries where it is noted that Presidents who dole out for more than twenty years or so, allow the power to go to their heads, and as a consequent use the constitution and the military to stay in power for an unlimited number of years, which history has be is unhealthy for the development of those countries, since those countries have been plagued with civil war, unrest and economic problems. The third disadvantage is that constitutional supremacy resides with non elected resolve rather than with public accountable politicians.By rectitude a politician is accountable to the people and in a democratic country like Trinidad and Tobago if one is not commodious by a Member of Parliament he can take action, as was the case when a Moslemeen member was dissatisfy because his daughter could not attend a Catholic School with her traditional Muslim garb. The gentleman went into the office of the Education Minister and demanded account readiness. Others politicians are also asked to publicly account because in those cases the media inte rvene to voice the grievances of the people. tho settle are not accountable to anyone for their actions, whether they are right or nonviable wrong.They are insulated from outside interference. Judges can be advantageously corrupted in cases where they have large debts or have vices that they need money to maintain. It is a jet sight to see resolve at exclusive casinos in Trinidad and Tobago. One of their hobbies is gambling, and it is head known that most gamblers are continuously in debt because the mathematical probability of all gambling games is designed for the players to lose most of the time. Once criminal elements know which judges are in debt, they can intimately reach out financially to these judges, and of conformation for favors in return.In the past in Trinidad and Tobago judges took bribes in the form of money, land, houses, and luxurious estates in send to empty charges, fix out a case or govern some legal technicality or loophole to dismiss a case. Duri ng the 1970s, 1980s and archaeozoic 1990s the well known dose dealer and killer Dole Chadee had every single one of his cases dismissed at the Princes Town Magistrates court, and it was the same judge who sat on those cases, because he was not accountable to anyone, not even the Prime Minister at the time.The Medellin Drug combining in Columbia controlled the medicine muckle in that country during the 1980s and they were uninfluenced by politicians and law enforcement during their reign. Judges had to cut out charges against any member of this Cartel if they ever went to court because the Cartel Bosses threaten the judges with violence and death. Because these judges had the power to drop these cases and were not accountable to any political directorate, they had no choice but to throw the cases out, else they and their families would have face executions by the drug cartel.The fourth disadvantage of a written constitution is that constitutional provisions are enshrined in usa nce and conventions and may be more widely respected because they have been endorsed by history and not invented or drawn up by earth On major advantage of the unwritten constitution is its flexibility and responsiveness to change. It is easily adapted to change and amendments. It is flexible and pliant to different customs, and since the British population is more diverse now than ever with immigrants from all different societies, cultures and races, this is important.The laws have been flexible to allow Muslim men to have more than one wife in British society. The laborious process of amendment does not have to be through simply because a minor change in political practice. For example, if the minimum age to vote was to be changes from 18 to 17, in the United States, a formal amendment would take years any may even fail to advance for a number of years because of adjective reasons. Such a change in the United soil could easily be done in a librate of hours.Therefore the unwri tten constitution allows for a great amount of organic change over time, to easily take into account the changing times and needs of the democratic system. It allows itself to be shaped by the needs of the people, adopting as required by circumstances. It is quite general for out of date or unfeasible bits of laws to be discarded for new procedures and customs. Non written traditions and customs carry greater exercising weight in the United Kingdom as oppose to the written constitution. The British people are extremely majestic of their monarchy, their historical achievements, their progressive democracy, their freedom and dignity.They are the orbits oldest democracy and as a result the people are proud to respect the conventions and uphold law and order in society. The first major disadvantage of the unwritten constitution is that there is no single text that can be invoked and there is no definition of state powers and no limits except customs, consequence that whatever com promise is necessary between current opinion and the Government finger of virtue may come into conflict. The British constitution exists in every single piece of legislation ever passed in Parliament.These also exist in common law, treaties with foreign powers, analysis and comments made by experts such as politicians and academia. Since the British constitution is the product of evolution of laws and conventions over centuries which include written source and e. g. constitutional statutes enacted by Parliament (House of Communities Act 1972, Human Rights Act 1998), and also unwritten sources such as constitutional conventions, observation of precedents, royal prerogatives, customs and traditions , such as always safekeeping a General Election on Thursdays.Altogether these constitute the British constitutional Law. The other disadvantage is that only a involve few can acquire such knowledge of the unwritten constitution since they are scattered across many documents. and then i t is only these select few who are able to interpret it and what is worrying is that these people might be the ones to connive in constitutional subversion. Most British people would struggle to put their hands on what their rights are or in which text they can locate these literature.So the responsibilities that goes with being British may never fully be understood by the average citizen because those rights are scattered across a legion of different places. The next disadvantage is that withdraw and insert can be done on the constitution if by contingency one day a written one is implemented. Minor violations would go unobserved because the average citizen is not aware of the various types of British laws. The Parliament could easily shake off a written constitution to serve itself and executive members without the public ever being aware of this.Another disadvantage is that limits to state powers are not clearly expressed and this is of great concern to the knowledgeable peop le of British society. Parliament has unlimited law-making powers and there is no clear separation of powers among the three arms of the Government. Historically the United Kingdom has not had a definition of individual rights and freedoms. The 1689 Bill of Rights sets out the powers of the Parliament, but relies on the purpose of residual freedom and the concept of parliamentary sovereignty.Therefore individual rights remained dependent on the ad hoc statutory protection or upon judicial protection under common law. The immediate thing the United Kingdom has to a Bill of Rights is the Human Rights Act of 1998 which incorporates the European Convention of Human Rights 1950 into domestic law. The ability of ordinary people to challenge the actions of various institutions of Government is formally limited to the acts of public authority by section six.The new counter- terrorism measures appeared to erode civil liberties in the wake of the September 11th 2001 contend in New York, an d the July 7th 2005 bombings of the tube in London. The last disadvantage is the enquiry of British sovereignty. The entry of the United Kingdom into the European joint in 1973 was a major constitutional development, bringing Britain under the supranational jurisdiction of the European nub in a limited number of areas, which has gradually grown over the years.This illustrates the corrosion of the United Kingdom unfettered sovereignty. wholesome known British politicians over the years have commented publicly on this income tax return of Britain slowly losing its sovereignty. After World Was Two the American troops seized covert plans from the Germans that outlined another future attempt by to unify Europe under German rule, but this time without the use of war. It entailed the legal jointure of Europe which Hitler wanted to achieve by use of force and the military, and the ultimate devastation of America.This information has been declassified within late years. One has to question the diplomatic motives fucking the driving force of the European Union and its acceptance of Britain into the Union, so Britain should seriously think about it sovereign erosion. Although there are differences between written and unwritten constitutions with respect to their advantages and disadvantages, one must carefully divvy up the usefulness of a constitution and its promotion of democracy and the rights and freedom of the people.We can see that although the United Kingdom does not have a written document, it is the oldest and one of the greatest democracies in the world. The British people are proud and law abiding. The United Kingdom has so far been a collected and stable country, whereas countries like China, Russia, North Korea, Vietnam and Myanmar all have written constitutions, but staple human rights are not enjoyed by a number of citizens of those countries. A perfect(a) example of democracy that truly value the rights, freedom and aspirations of the peop le is in the United States where there is a written constitution.